[Witchcraft33]

Which one has more examples available on the internet ?

My first try ended up in different hello worlds , that is all

Any book suggestions ?

Thanks

[Donkey Death Jam]

x86 Assembly has the most resources I believe. There was a nice read I had a while back 'Practical Malware Analysis' which had a chapter/crash-course on assembly, it doesn't go too deep into it but it explains the basics. Regardless it's a great book and was addicting to read which says a lot for someone who hates reading. 'Art of Intel x86 Assembly' is worth the read too. In general though, books will be your main source of learning, and looking at other people's source code. YouTube & other e-learning platforms don't have much on this, and if they do, it generally isn't correct & makes a hard thing to learn ten times harder. Good luck & shoot me a PM if you get stuck!

[.kr.]

I write assambly only on microcontroller like Atmel Atmega8. The Dokumentation are great you'll find all you need on the Atmel website.
Think its a good startpoint to learn the basics

[Witchcraft33]

Thanks for the replies .

OK , I have few options .
I can focus on MS DOS Assembly , Linux Assembly or Windows MASM32 Assembly right now

I collected a few notes from here and there , now it looks like this .

label mnemonic operand(s) ; comment



1.Labels - In an assembly language program, a label is simply a name for an address
2.Data Declarations - DB DW DD DQ DT
3.Opcode - MOV, PUSH , POP , ADD , SUB , OR , AND , XOR , DEC , INC
4.Registers - EAX EBX ECX EDX    CS DS SS ES FS GS    ESI EDI     EIP ESP EBP    cf pf af zf sf tf if df of iopl nt rf vm ac vif vip id
5.Arithmetic operators - add , sub ,mul , div, and , or , xor
6.Control flow operators - call ,test , cmp ,  jmp ,je ,  jne ,jge, ja, jae , jl , jle , jbe , jo , jno  je , jg , jl , jz , jnz , js , jns
7.Pointers -  mov eax, dword [ebx] , mov ax, word [bx] ,mov al, byte [0]  

General purpose registers

Accumulator  - Input/Output , Operations
Base register - Holds address of data
Counter register - Counts , used in loops
Data register  - Holds data for output



Segment registers

Code Segment  - Holds address of code segment
Data Segment  - Holds address of data segment
Stack segment - Holds address of stack segment
Extra segment - Holds address of data segment



Index registers

Source Index - Points the source operand
Destination Index -Points the destination operand


Special purpose registers

Instruction Pointer - Holds the next instruction
Stack Pointer - Points current top of the stack
Base pointer - Base of the top of the stack

Flag registers - Holds current status of the program

The three basic modes of addressing are −

Register addressing
Immediate addressing
Memory addressing

Register Addressing

In this addressing mode, a register contains the operand. Depending upon the instruction, the register may be the first operand, the second operand or both.

For example,

MOV DX, TAX_RATE   ; Register in first operand
MOV COUNT, CX   ; Register in second operand
MOV EAX, EBX   ; Both the operands are in registers

Immediate Addressing

An immediate operand has a constant value or an expression. When an instruction with two operands uses immediate addressing, the first operand may be a register or memory location, and the second operand is an immediate constant. The first operand defines the length of the data.

For example,

BYTE_VALUE  DB  150    ; A byte value is defined
WORD_VALUE  DW  300    ; A word value is defined
ADD  BYTE_VALUE, 65    ; An immediate operand 65 is added
MOV  AX, 45H           ; Immediate constant 45H is transferred to AX

Direct Memory Addressing

When operands are specified in memory addressing mode, direct access to main memory, usually to the data segment, is required. This way of addressing results in slower processing of data. To locate the exact location of data in memory, we need the segment start address, which is typically found in the DS register and an offset value. This offset value is also called effective address.

In direct addressing mode, the offset value is specified directly as part of the instruction, usually indicated by the variable name. The assembler calculates the offset value and maintains a symbol table, which stores the offset values of all the variables used in the program.

In direct memory addressing, one of the operands refers to a memory location and the other operand references a register.

For example,

ADD BYTE_VALUE, DL ; Adds the register in the memory location
MOV BX, WORD_VALUE ; Operand from the memory is added to register


Direct-Offset Addressing

This addressing mode uses the arithmetic operators to modify an address. For example, look at the following definitions that define tables of data −

BYTE_TABLE DB  14, 15, 22, 45      ; Tables of bytes
WORD_TABLE DW  134, 345, 564, 123  ; Tables of words

The following operations access data from the tables in the memory into registers −

MOV CL, BYTE_TABLE[2] ; Gets the 3rd element of the BYTE_TABLE
MOV CL, BYTE_TABLE + 2 ; Gets the 3rd element of the BYTE_TABLE
MOV CX, WORD_TABLE[3] ; Gets the 4th element of the WORD_TABLE
MOV CX, WORD_TABLE + 3 ; Gets the 4th element of the WORD_TABLE


Indirect Memory Addressing

This addressing mode utilizes the computer's ability of Segment:Offset addressing. Generally, the base registers EBX, EBP (or BX, BP) and the index registers (DI, SI), coded within square brackets for memory references, are used for this purpose.

Indirect addressing is generally used for variables containing several elements like, arrays. Starting address of the array is stored in, say, the EBX register.

The following code snippet shows how to access different elements of the variable.

MY_TABLE TIMES 10 DW 0  ; Allocates 10 words (2 bytes) each initialized to 0
MOV EBX, [MY_TABLE]     ; Effective Address of MY_TABLE in EBX
MOV [EBX], 110          ; MY_TABLE[0] = 110
ADD EBX, 2              ; EBX = EBX +2
MOV [EBX], 123          ; MY_TABLE[1] = 123

MS DOS

Code

.model small

.data
max_temp DB 92h      
min_temp DB 52h
avg_temp DB ?
.code
.startup

mov ax,@data          
mov ds,ax
mov al, max_temp      
add al, min_temp      
mov ah, 00h          
adc ah, 00h          
mov bl, 02h          
div bl              
mov avg_temp, al    
.exit
end

Linux

Code

section .text

global _start               ;must be declared for using gcc

_start:                     ;tell linker entry point

   mov     eax, '3'
   sub     eax, '0'
   mov     ebx, '4'
   sub     ebx, '0'
   add     eax, ebx
   add     eax, '0'

   mov     [sum], eax

   mov     ecx, msg
   mov     edx, len
   mov     ebx, 1          ;file descriptor (stdout)
   mov     eax, 4          ;system call number (sys_write)
   int     0x80            ;call kernel

   mov     ecx, sum

   mov     edx, 1
   mov     ebx, 1          ;file descriptor (stdout)
   mov     eax, 4          ;system call number (sys_write)
   int     0x80            ;call kernel

   mov     eax, 1          ;system call number (sys_exit)
   int     0x80            ;call kernel


section .data

   msg     db              "The sum is:", 0xA,0xD

   len equ $ - msg  

   segment .bss

   sum resb 1

MASM32

Code

.386
.model flat ,stdcall
OPTION CASEMAP:NONE

include masm32.inc
include kernel32.inc
includelib kernel32.lib
includelib masm32.lib

.DATA
MasgName db "Enter the NUmber   ",00ah,00dh

.DATA?
num db 2 dup (?)

.code
start:

invoke StdOut ,addr MasgName

; Get 1st number
invoke StdIn ,addr num,10
; eax = length
mov [num+ eax-2 ], 0   ; Set terminator
invoke StripLF,ADDR num      
; Now convert ASCIIz number to decimal
invoke atodw , addr num
mov ebx, eax ; Move number from eax to ebx

;_____________
invoke StdOut ,addr MasgName
; Get 2nd number
invoke StdIn ,addr num,10
; eax = length
mov [num+ eax-2 ], 0  ; Set terminator
invoke StripLF,ADDR num    


; Now convert ASCIIz number to decimal
invoke atodw , addr num
       ; eax is 2nd number

add eax,ebx
       
invoke dwtoa, eax,addr num
invoke StdOut ,addr num
invoke StdIn ,addr num,10
invoke ExitProcess,0
end start

Not exactly sure where to go from here ?

[enmafia2]

Start learning what functions do, then try to make little pieces of software, then if you're into it you can use dissasembler and reverse engineer some code :P

[KingArthurBoss]

Good luck & shoot me a PM if you get stuck!

Hey Donkey Death Jam can you list some resources for learning assembly? I see you've already listed The art of intel assembly 😁 😉

[Masm4ever]

Install the Masm32 SDK, then study \Masm32\Examples
David Evans has a short guide that is worth reading.

[MrCracker_]

Learn NASM for linux platform. if you need an Ebook as guide buy or get a "Assembly Language Step by Step".
If you need any suggestion or if you stuck then PM me. I will happy to help you.

[eliasta]

You should check virtual masm

[macheti228]

good information for me men

[realsunjester]

x86 Assembly has the most resources I believe. There was a nice read I had a while back 'Practical Malware Analysis' which had a chapter/crash-course on assembly, it doesn't go too deep into it but it explains the basics. Regardless it's a great book and was addicting to read which says a lot for someone who hates reading. 'Art of Intel x86 Assembly' is worth the read too. In general though, books will be your main source of learning, and looking at other people's source code. YouTube & other e-learning platforms don't have much on this, and if they do, it generally isn't correct & makes a hard thing to learn ten times harder. Good luck & shoot me a PM if you get stuck!

both of that books are badass, i also suggest them.

there are also plenty of undergrads that publish assembly papers/books online, cant go wrong with yale and vatech papers.

[TGilb94]

x86 Assembly has the most resources I believe. There was a nice read I had a while back 'Practical Malware Analysis' which had a chapter/crash-course on assembly, it doesn't go too deep into it but it explains the basics. Regardless it's a great book and was addicting to read which says a lot for someone who hates reading. 'Art of Intel x86 Assembly' is worth the read too. In general though, books will be your main source of learning, and looking at other people's source code. YouTube & other e-learning platforms don't have much on this, and if they do, it generally isn't correct & makes a hard thing to learn ten times harder. Good luck & shoot me a PM if you get stuck!

Hey, I'm looking to get into Assembly. Would you recommend a certain learning path? I'm comfortable with JS and currently completed a C certification. Loads of information about there, sometimes difficult to parse. Always good to ask a person with more experience :) Let me know

[Son of Morning]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQAKkuLL31g&t=1s - Has the best tutorial that I've seen. Although it's Linux x64 you can easily convert the code to x86 as he explains later in the tutorial (replacing r with e)

[null_byte]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VQAKkuLL31g&t=1s - Has the best tutorial that I've seen. Although it's Linux x64 you can easily convert the code to x86 as he explains later in the tutorial (replacing r with e)

Very interesting set of resources, thanks for sharing!